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Periodontal disease is primarily caused by bacterial plaque buildup on the teeth and gums. Poor oral hygiene, smoking, genetics, certain medical conditions, and hormonal changes can increase the risk of developing periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease is diagnosed through clinical examination, measuring pocket depths around the teeth, dental X-rays, and assessing other symptoms.

Yes, practicing good oral hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent periodontal disease. Avoiding smoking and maintaining a healthy lifestyle also contribute to prevention.

Yes, research suggests a link between periodontal disease and conditions like heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and pregnancy complications. Proper periodontal care can contribute to overall health.

Surgical interventions, such as gum flap surgery, bone grafts, and tissue regeneration, are considered for more advanced cases of periodontal disease where non-surgical methods are insufficient.